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"Genius is trained," Preface (Part One)
And we should be compared to people who only half awake with us. We were splashed on the flame inside a pot of cold water, our efforts are suppressed. We only use a small part of our mental potential .... Only very excellent talent will have its own resource utilization to the limit. "
Nineteenth century American philosopher, a pioneer in psychology, William. James (Williams James) [1]
Newton is a genius. Mozart, Beethoven is a genius. Shakespeare, Cao Xueqin, Tolstoy, Mark. Twain is a genius. Einstein was a genius. Bill. Gates, Buffett is a genius. Pele, Ali, Michael. Jackson, Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant. Brian is also a genius. Few people do not envy their performance, do not think like them in this world have a bright future. So each of us ask ourselves: "I am a genius?"
I think: Most people are fairly rational, practical, and do not believe he is a genius.Particularly over after twenties, when they realized that steal the show on TV, the football star's age more than their own, most people whether their quality problems have been breaking a genius idea. But I also believe that: Most people at some point in life, especially in the ambitious puberty, are in my heart secretly asked themselves this question. After all, the genius is a cause for hope for, desired quality. Many people even to get it at all costs, hoping God too easy to throw the baby himself. Unfortunately, most people are secretly disappointed the last: Well, this is not me.
In order to scientifically define what we call genius, I may as well give a modern psychological tests. The following is a series of digital. You may wish to ask a person to a second speed of a digital read to you again, then wait twenty seconds later to see if I can remember:
7 1 8 9 6 5 1 8 2 4 6 5 7 5,291,445,264,378,535,087
I think you not only remember this, a person can not even imagine the number of listening to it again after so long can accurately repeat them back. If someone can to do this, you must think he is a genius. I have a friend, be recommended for admission to Tsinghua University to study mathematics. I once lent him the bike. When he returned to his quarters to car, he took me downstairs to hundreds of vehicles identified exclusively in the blue bike. I have not seen his car, he found me first. The most amazing is that he does not depend on the shape of cars to remember, but the digital license plate, but also in the car so all of a sudden they take a small digital capture, I rely on shape memory than the "image thinking "much faster. I was feeling: "They are recommended for admission to Tsinghua University Department of Mathematics is not unreasonable it! People was a mathematical genius!"
This extraordinary ability, of course, essential to the success of a human capital. Buffett, in his mind often complex mathematical operations, claiming that he did not have calculators. Steve Ross of Warner Communication to create such a business media empire, Time Inc. last sold. He simply said: "I hate calculator. It put a human capacity to equalize." Ground that he has no calculator can handle various data. The invention of the calculator is to not have this capability provides a convenient weapon opponents and reduced his competitive edge. General Electric's former president, was hailed as the twentieth century the "century president," Welch, to twenty-four lines at once filled with figures from the financial report singled out the problem. He manages the world's largest and most complex companies, leaving the ability to remember every detail of the legend. [2] Bill. Gates at Harvard mathematics professor Harry Lewis, in his book, "No excellent soul" (Excellence without a Soul) begins to write: he be able to see Bill. Gates smart. He taught applied mathematics, the first lesson to the students left a seemingly simple math problems. On this issue, he not only can not be answered, not knowing what other people can answer. He just wants to explain this to students: Some seemingly simple problem is not so simple. However, the Gates after a few days into his office, gives his own answers, and later through deepening, and another to teach this course jointly published in a mathematics professor at the magazine. [3]
As the saying goes, "do not have that diamond child, do not embrace the porcelain job." If you do not like these people legendary talent, the best can not imagine the success of their performance. Genius was called "genius" because it "only" is "days" given. This is with or without problems. You do not get is not. Cheng is also an old friend of her husband's nephew in the United States to apply almost all the elite college admission, and finally on to Harvard, but never read effortlessly. In particular, I asked him and the child's mother (also her husband's sister): "This is how to develop it? I'm ah want to copy this kind of education." Cardiff are also still as mince words: "The boy with the cultivation? Do you play cards touch a good card. You do not have a master can win. The child is the summer vacation to Beijing, I taught him to play Go. but take the time, I went down, but him. "appears to me so mortal, the best off early the genius of the dream of success.
But nothing is no so simple.
Head of the opening of that incredible ability to remember numbers, ordinary people after about 250 hours of training will be able to master. This is a famous case of psychology. The past, people have always thought that people figure there is a limited memory capacity. More than seven figures, it is hard to remember. Most of the world local phone number (without area code) is the reason why the number seven is the basis of such assumptions. [4] However, the July 11, 1978 at Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University) in the psychological laboratory, a trained undergraduate unusual even created a twenty-two there is no rule to remember digital records. Finally, after 250 hours of training, he had eighty-two to remember this number! The literature in psychology subjects known to SF, not a genius. One of his friends finally raised to 102 the number of bits recorded, nor is genius. Their results show that a simple fact: The average person trained, will develop even their own wildest dreams of the "extraordinary" ability. [5]
The results of psychological experiments to our understanding of genius have a significant impact. Genius is the innate, or culture? This issue has been debated in the West, but more likely to develop psychological analysis of the mainstream. So, even if the talent is really trained, it should be how to develop? Is there any avenue? In other words, how to become a genius? This has not only inspirational books on the market everywhere the topic of speculation, but also psychologists and educators of the core. In recent years, published by Cambridge University Press, the leader of this series of edited books, edited by Robert J. Sternberg, such as "creativity Handbook" (Handbook of Creativity), "smart manual" (A Handbook of Wisdom), "Intelligence Handbook" (Handbook of Intelligence), and K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, Robert R. Hoffman co-editor, for up to nine hundred of the "Cambridge Handbook of professional and expert performance" (The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance), a combination of research in this area. No wonder Anders Ericsson announced: Cambridge decided to publish a particular area of the first books, scientific research in this area will undoubtedly mark a milestone. [6] At the same time, some journalists, writers, according to the results of these studies carried out detailed investigations, interviews from CEOs, scientists, artists, athletes and other areas of the "genius", as our understanding of this issue provides a wealth of practical material. [7]
Studies and surveys of these people are drawn from interviews with a common conclusion: Genius is not born, but acquired culture. The key lies in how to develop.Modern psychology, education, and even neurological, biological series of studies, have found important clues to cultivate talent. If the individualized offender, a man from mediocrity can also become a genius. Some even converted a very specific formula for creating genius: Ten thousand hours of "depth training", that is, about ten years of professional training, is that you in any one area to achieve "world class" minimum requirements. The place is more critical, in addition to outside training volume, you have to this "depth training" methods have the correct grasp. [8]
For this conclusion, my first reaction was disbelief. Does it not say that anyone can become a Mozart, Einstein, Bill. Gates yet? The world where there is so cheap to do!However, their research and surveys, representing a number of Western scientists, educators, journalists, over half a century of effort, must not be underestimated. I have carefully reviewed their research and evidence can be quite convincing. This is one.Second, although I still do not believe anyone can become a Mozart, Einstein, or Bill. Gates. However, their research proves that, after a rigorous, the right training, you at least want to be a half a Mozart, Einstein, or Bill. Gates. This is the traditional Chinese poetics so-called "take almost the last, was almost one." This is most of us are incredible achievements. In fact, it is the most common mistake is to underestimate their potential. In fact, sometimes after several months of effort you can develop the ability to not believe even their own or "talent"! In this regard, I have personal experience and are willing to share. Third, global competition in the future, or the talent that we can win the capital. Today a large number of Chinese college students can not find work and become "ant." This of course has a variety of objective reasons. However, these students lack the necessary talent is a core reason. A few years ago, a leading international consulting firm McKinsey (McKinsey) released a report, saying China's college graduates in a year of 300 million or more, but the competent foreign work only 1 / 10, India 1 / 4 of college graduates Students can do the job. "The Economist" published an article also reported that two of China's "white-collar crisis": Some multinational companies based in China, you need a large number of high-level white-collar workers, but out of hundreds of thousands or even millions a year. Unfortunately, China is competent enough to find so many people, and even affect the expansion of these enterprises in China. You can say you do not have Bill. Gates's genius. However, if you are a highly educated students, trained himself in such multinational companies that qualified in the top positions in white-collar workers, is entirely within your ability.
It is also for these three reasons, I have integrated in this book as much as possible to the United States nearly half a century of research results, the reader has trained himself as "half genius," "half-Gates" provide some reference. I hope that those who rush to students seeking jobs, those ambitious white-collar workers, those in academia, the media, the arts and many other fields of human endeavor, scientific research and investigation to the face of these facts, a more effective strategy to design your life .Remember, this is not the now ubiquitous inspirational, and "cited by" discussion.Although I hope that this book reads as smoothly as fiction, but I do not want to weaken the academic color. This is also the reason the book is full of notes. I was simply trying to prove that training on the genius of this topic has been the mysteries of human history, completely beyond the scope of personal experience can not be explained. I tried to sum up half a century of scientific research, to find one or two clues have been very satisfied. I said in the book, not your head to pat out, but has considerable research, interviews, and even experimental psychology, medical technology (anatomy, X-rays, EEG, etc.) reveals the fact that as a basis.
[1] 转引自Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, and Kelly, 1087.
[2] Colvin, 38-39.
[3] Harry Lewis, 21.
[4] 至今发展心理学的教科书仍然在讲：五岁的孩子可以记住四五个数字，九岁的孩子可以记住六个，成人能够记住平均七到八个数字。Shaffer, 335.
[5] Colvin, 36-38.
[6]
[7] 这方面比较突出、也不断被本书引用的是Coyle和Colvin的著作。前者是写七届环法自行车赛冠军阿姆斯特朗的传记出身的记者，后者则是《财富》杂志的资深编辑。两人都有接触一流人才的丰富经验，但也都突破了各自的领域，在体育、企业界之外调查了大量天才成长的经验。
[8] Coyle, 53.
(译者；谷歌翻译）（作者；薛涌）
（本文转载自新浪博客；http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_45f00ef40100nz7t.html?tj=1）
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