Ultra-interest politics and interest group politics（超利益政治与利益集团政治 ）

"China model" growing concern, but the "China model" which features exactly? A variety of domestic and international perspectives, understanding quite different. Apart from the local observation of the "China model" features, it also involves a question: reform and opening up three decades of rapid growth, China and other countries in different development model, reflected in this stage of the "China model", what There is a stage, or the future will be necessary to carry on? "China model" are not likely to become the world outside of the Western model is another choice? "China model" really is a new story, or an old story? This is indeed a problem.
    From local features to find the "China model" of the special, and can not get a fundamental understanding of this issue. I think that the "China model" lies in political form. Economic success, but the result of political form. As the Western political forms are considered the only correct choice, therefore, to explore the political morphology of the "China model" features, often have stick to the West was neglected existing theories, or because they did not meet Western political formation is considered only is a transitional interim choice. Many people think that domestic and foreign, temporary to play the "China model" role, the final will be into the Western political forms, to complete the "China model" historic mission. This kind of "China model" views more common, like the "all roads lead to Rome", and take different path, ultimately to reach the West Rome. And I think the so-called "China model" the real value lies in "All roads lead to China." "China model" to the West is not expedient, but in politics different from the Western alternative. This is my consistent position: China does not have an example, China provides an example for the world.
    "China model" in politics is to ask the regime is the existence of a transcendent interest groups, and the West to make a simple comparison of modern politics will help us see the difference. Western political formation is the balance of political interest groups, political rights through party politics, campaign financing, lobbying, etc., construct the balance of power of various interest groups. Western interest group politics have been able to achieve balance, the key lies in the various interest groups in the current economic strength, which can easily cause the economic interests of the "Matthew Effect", that is the strong stronger and the weak weaker. "China model" super-interest politics, beyond the demands of various interest groups over political power.Government is not formed by the interest group spokesmen, but by interest groups and independent individuals who are not affiliated. Various interest groups compete for political power than the interests of the arena, but at a high plane, the coordination of various interest groups in a fair command. The "China model" of the source from the Chinese tradition, and therefore, it is an "old story."
    Party politics, electoral politics is that the various interest groups into the political power to elect our own voice. Ancient Chinese officials through the examination form political demands, which makes the source to power the team that has extensive. This seems as electoral politics, but the extensive imperial origin, and money is not funded with any company color, while examination of cultural background knowledge of the evaluation criteria based on the moral quality of the primary standard, which first of all from the regime composition, rule out the association with interest groups. Government membership on the benefits of ultra-making regime in power, the basic proposition that "the whole world," today it is manifested in "the right of the people, interests of the people." In other words, when the Western political only require "judicial independence" of the time, the "China model" of the super interest is the regime of the required independence. Political independence is more than "judicial independence" more thorough independent, it will be extended to the legislative and administrative independence, in "the whole world" under the concept of making the Government has greater rights, and thus more coordination of the various interest groups efficient, fair, just, to avoid the balance of interest group politics, internal friction. Moreover, Chao interests of each interest group politics in coordination of time, Ye did not interest group politics Ping Heng, more Zhiyi Ju Dangqian the strength of state interest groups, Geng Rong Yi Guanzhudangqian various interest groups Weilaichangqi development, Conger avoid strong are stronger and the weak weaker Matthew.
    Western political power of the Government has a natural fear lies in Western history there have been no power over the interests of theoretical and practical existence, and therefore, only with Western political interests of balance and constraints to prevent the abuse of government power. The "China model" of the ultra-interest politics from philosophy, system, those in power source and the personal moral qualities, and many other aspects required to achieve "the whole world", so to avoid the political theories of Western concerns about the abuse of government power, make the government macro-regulation, supervision, law enforcement and other aspects are to the overall interests and a fair, just as a starting point in pursuit of social justice. This is also a full range of the Chinese model, "the independent" than the individual nature of the Western model "judicial independence" more effective and thorough performance. Western political "judicial independence" easily lead to "procedural justice" than "substantive justice" phenomenon, and the interests of the Chinese model of super-power to pursue the "real democracy", rather than electoral politics of the "process of democracy."
    Democracy is not merely a political right, after all, democracy is an economic right.Average of one person in Western political formation, decentralized political rights, the balance of political interest groups in, and can not effectively guarantee the economic rights of vulnerable groups. Even today's Western society organizations like trade unions a little impact, its influence is very limited. The ultra-interest politics of the "China model" is more effective in achieving the economic society "real democracy", not just to complete the political "process of democracy" to meet. However, the Chinese model of super-interest politics should not be like Western political thought, as only a planned economy. Ultra-interest politics in the fundamental principles of economic activity is public and private ownership of the mixed economy, it has two characteristics. For private economic interests over political demands full freedom to compete, in order to avoid private monopolies in the market economy as the top priority. Because interest groups would be seriously hurt economic monopoly substantial economic democracy, which is under the current realities of Western political forms. Ancient Chinese political terms, is the separatist forces of economic monopoly, is the merger, which is super-pressed to avoid the political interests of the phenomenon. For the state-owned economy, super interest group politics of self-interest must be avoided, therefore the state-owned economy of Zuoyong 一是 national security and stability, the second yes right the inhibition private monopoly. Super Chinese model of economic and political interests, the plan should be a limited market economy and full economic integration, the fundamental purpose of the community as a whole.
    We say that the political interests of the Chinese model is a superset of the "old story", in fact only half the story, it is also a "new story." It's "new" is that foreign relations.Super power to avoid the political demands of interest groups of their own interests, which in the domestic environment, due to the spirit of "the whole world" concept, the government considerable control rights, and therefore, the regime does not own strong motivation of interest groups. In foreign relations, there are very different. Ancient China in a very long time, in foreign relations is not very strong competitors, and therefore, tributary trade, etc. can make super-power also extends to the foreign relations interests. However, in today's world, outside of China there are many strong competitors. Countries outside of China, interest in Western political philosophy, almost all of the interests of competition, attitude to dealing with China. Thus, the "China model" in domestic politics over the interests of foreign relations on how to combine the interests of competition, it really is a big new problem. Foreign Relations of the ultimate means of military, this is not to discuss the content of this article. In conditions of peace, internal and external super interests of their own interests to seek to combine, is an important topic in China today. In the long run, people hope that the international community or the world of the future government has the most extensive fairness, can be seen as the interests of the Chinese model as the super goal of world government, but to achieve this goal, we need to more wisdom.
    Naisbitt has said that China's democracy is a vertical democracy. To some extent, he touched over the interests of the Chinese model of political equilibrium with the Western model of political interest groups, the nature of difference. Vertical grassroots democracy is that every economic democracy will be able to be respected at the highest power, while the balance of political interest groups often have a heavy threshold eligibility requirements of democracy. The democratic political process often blocks the real economic democracy. Today, however, China's "China model" did not perform very adequately. Its performance is more about the stubborn continuation of traditional Chinese rather than a clear direction of Chinese politics today. Contemporary Chinese politics by the Western political ideas and political forms of interest groups and political colors also exist, and have become more significant trend. Moreover, because foreign relations interests of competition, also affect the behavior of the domestic regime, this regime has shown a tendency towards self-interest groups. This is the reality of China today, how to solve, we have no ready-made solution.
    For the supervision of the regime, can serve as an example. The interests of the Chinese model of super-power will also supervise. Ancient Chinese political regime for the power of oversight to the internal supervision and management of the main legal, social supervision, giving the cause of this phenomenon has historical reasons.Contemporary Chinese politics to be "super-interests of" internal self-monitoring regime, legal management of the same needs, should also strengthen their supervision.However, in this issue, a matter of high priority. Media is often an important means of social supervision, but the balance of interest group politics, the media often become a part of interest groups. In Western society, from politics to media battle in a state of mutual interests, both in the formation of consistency. In China today, due to the impact of Western political, media oversight functions shouldered, often only a voice of interest groups, and not based on objective and fair. This problem can even be extended to education. When the media practitioners are accepted Western political philosophy, Western political forms of the formation of an environment, they stand in the position of different interest groups on government supervision, in their own opinion, just is a natural thing. Thus, the super-interest politics of the "China model" also need to practice for more extensive and in-depth identity and promote.
本文来自新浪博客；http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4134ba900100mjj2.html?tj=1
作者；刘仰

注：

前几日临时外出，没有及时更新，抱歉。

本文是应《人民论坛》杂志之邀写的一篇文章，参与“中国模式”的讨论。巧的是，本人一本书稿刚刚完成，核心内容就是从中国古代政治探讨中国模式，本文也算是关于这部书稿的一个简单纲要。