博文
How to adjust the distribution of income and wealth ownership patterns, the key is to find out the distribution of income and wealth disparities have formed what is, explore its many and deep-seated reasons to prescribe the right medicine. The distribution of income and wealth accumulation for the formation of the reasons for the gap, there are many different views on academia. Deputy Director of the Central Party School Research Professor Zhou Tianyong write a paper for this, from the perspective of strategy and policy development, income distribution issues a comprehensive and in-depth discussion. Starting today, the newspaper published a series of articles one after another, so stay tuned.
Analysis of income distribution (1) Analysis: Upon his Source: China Economic Times
So far, in addition to my industrial organization, enterprise-scale structure of the relationship between income distribution and conducted research, the academic gap between urban and rural areas form the structure of income distribution, industrial structure and the proportion of industrial organization structure of the causes of imbalances and rarely seen. This is very theoretical research and policy analysis of a pity.
Urban and rural construction, industry structure and industrial structure ratio imbalance between the income gap caused by internal relations will help us start from the major strategic, structural adjustment approach used to improve the income distribution gap. Uneven distribution problem, the deeper reason is not our system, policy will not ring true, but the result of structural imbalance. From a strategic height to adjust the structure to search for the balance of income distribution, that is the right remedy, there is a multiplier effect. Limited to the adjustment of secondary income distribution, not start from the restructuring, not first adjustment related to the initial distribution, it may very laborious, the result is not good policy or even entirely different, and the gap will be widening.
1, elements use structure and income distribution gap
Elements of wealth creation are labor, capital, land, technology, management, mineral and other resource elements, the initial distribution and value formation, to create new wealth, that is, the process of distribution of new wealth. That is, elements of the input prices such as wages, social security, interest, rent and the cost, management salaries, benefits and so on mine owners to create value added goods and services, on the other hand, their input prices In fact, it is a new wealth distribution, its formed between the different owners of the initial distribution pattern.
However, different elements of different owners. Ordinary workers, with labor; investor-owned capital; land owners, ownership of land; technology inventors and managers have the knowledge, patents, and management skills; mine owners untapped mineral. Such a country and region, in the utilization factor of its development, that is depends on what 样 elements combined to create the wealth, the patterns are different, also different initial distribution of the pattern.
For example, rely mainly on the capital to promote economic growth that is capital-intensive approach to development, such an economic model, the main elements of the creation of wealth is capital, that is, plant and equipment, production lines, vehicles and so on. Give a specific example, hydropower is the power to create wealth, and a hydropower plant with very little labor, power generation and transmission of electricity primarily by the dam, hydroelectric generating unit, transmission line, the concrete spillway drains capital forms to complete, in the power production of new value-added distribution ratio, the majority of investors share, while the share of a very small proportion of workers. Ie, the distribution of national income, a larger proportion of capital allocation, while the smaller the ratio of labor. This is not primarily due to the wages of workers and employers game of balance mechanisms, such as the deduction of wages cause employers strength to be strong, but the great development model, elements of structural imbalance caused by the use.
For instance, in West Bay in many oil producing countries, is resource-intensive model of development, oil and gas production requires very little labor, the main factor is the capital and oil deposits. Created wealth, mainly oil facilities, ports and oil pipelines and ship transport, the initial allocation of wealth is the winner of the major oil fields, ports and pipelines and ship investors and owners, led development of the oil resource intensive industries needs of the labor force is very small. Labor force owners of wealth from the resource-intensive production, access to distribution, will also very low.
That is, we consider the pattern of income distribution, the need to consider such a question, that is, the pursuit of capital and resource-intensive model of economic development, or the pursuit of capital, resources, and labor factors balanced pattern, or to pursue the development of labor-intensive mode? A theorem, a country over the pursuit of capital and resource-intensive model of development, labor can not be fully utilized in the creation of wealth, capital and resources to dominate, and large labor force being idle and surplus, in the distribution pattern on owners of capital and resources must be allocated too much, and too few workers assigned to form a capital resource owners and the income gap between workers.
Here need to reflect on China's development model. Many parts of China, keen to attract investments in infrastructure investment are keen to promote the growth of capital, wealth creation in the substitution of capital over labor, and ignoring the full utilization of labor, in varying degrees of capital formation and resource-driven development approach . There is no doubt that a developing country or region, Zaita early development, yes need the promotion of capital, however, such a large population like China's Guo Jia, labor and employment stressful frequent transfer of the country in a long time emphasis on intensive use of capital and resources to promote economic development, the actual high rate of unemployment and labor, as labor surplus, wages are too low, the result must be the capital and resources between the owners and workers the gap between income distribution . Therefore, the change to the development of use patterns, balance the use of elements of capital and labor structure, in fact, improve the different elements of the initial distribution of income between the owner of a key.
Second, the slower pace of urbanization, urban-rural income gap would be greater
Since the reform and opening up, widening gap between urban and rural areas. In 1983 the ratio of China's urban-rural income in Latin 1.82:1,2009 much 3.33:1, amplitude only far higher than developed countries, higher than Brazil, Argentina and other developing countries. So, what is the cause of the widening gap between urban and rural areas? The agricultural added value in GDP continued to decline in the ratio of an objective assessment of trends, who can stop, it requires the population in rural areas and agriculture in the labor force accordingly to the urban and non-agricultural transformation, so that reduced the rural population and declining The rural and agricultural added value fit. The statistics show that the proportion of agricultural added value in GDP, from 33.4% in 1982 fell to 10.6% in 2009, while the proportion of rural population, down from 78.87% to 46.59%, in particular, is the first an industrial employment ratio fell to only 68.1% from 38.1%. Production in the rural and agricultural wealth continued rapid decline in the ratio, agricultural population and agricultural labor to urban and non-agricultural diverted slow, 导致 grown as agricultural value added is relatively small in more and more of the rural population and the distribution of labor , and urban and non-agricultural population distribution, the gap will inevitably widen.
The late 90s of last century and the early years of the 21st century, the labor economy, the farmers will go out to workers in the cities back to rural income, rural incomes have increased. However, with the transfer of raising the education level of migrant workers, with their values and lifestyle changes, with the urban cost of living increase, and many years before the workers out of the 60's and 70's migrant workers is different is that after 80 90 and the future of the 21st century, migrant workers, they will be part of their income, then the possibility of taking home less and less. In this way, with migrant workers migrant workers to balance the income gap between urban and rural areas will become increasingly weak role.
In addition to these major issues, there are no assets such as land revenue farmers, and food and other agricultural product prices not in good order, also contributed to the reasons for urban-rural disparity. First, the rural assets can not generate revenue. Urban residential and business land can be secured financing, can be leased, even assets such as resale home, you can bring return on assets. The Chinese farmers cultivated land, forest and residential land assets can not cash, not finance, in addition to the production of agricultural products, basic can not generate income as an asset to them. Also, land acquisition and compensation system as unreasonable, and farmers the poverty resulting from land requisition has many examples. Second, the stability of macro-control prices, the result is a distorted price system for industrial and agricultural products, agricultural products at relatively low prices to urban residents as part of the transfer of interests. The reform and opening up 30 years on the macro-control has been the goal of price stability as an important, but price stability is an important way to stabilize grain prices, control rising food prices. In this way, non-agricultural products, including the prices of agricultural means of production speed, while the prices of agricultural products is relatively slow, so, rural and agricultural part of the proceeds to be allocated to the city's low prices.
3, the lower the proportion of tertiary industry, the fewer workers assigned
The laws of the industrial structure changes three times: in the gross national product, the proportion of primary industry will continue to decrease from the original 80% to 90%, dropped to below 5%; the secondary industry, first rose, then is stable at 30% to 40%, and then began to decline, down to about 20%; the tertiary industry continued to rise, up from 15% to 75% of the final, or even higher. From the employment structure, employment in primary industry in over 80% of the workforce will eventually drop to below 5%; in the labor force employed in secondary industry, up to 35%, then dropped to 15%; and the tertiary industry employment, labor force, from about 15%, eventually rising to 80%.
This produces two aspects of income distribution: (a) industry structure and production structure of distortions in the allocation of labor force, as the industry's labor productivity in different form in various industries, income distribution gap. Industry labor corresponds to the value added created by industry, from initial allocation, the industrial labor force in the industry to create wealth, but also distribution of the wealth created by them. Therefore, when the industrial added value and the corresponding employment does not match the scale of the labor force, labor productivity in each industry different, resulting in income gap between industries. (2) The utilization factor of each industry is different from the macro level, most of the production from the capital-intensive industries, while labor-intensive, the proportion of tertiary industry and employment are too low, the entire national wealth creation and capital to the industry tilt in GDP, capital and labor distribution ratio, the capital share of the more labor share of little. Owners of capital and labor income gap between owners will be extended.
From the general regulation of the world, in 3500 U.S. dollars per capita GDP levels of the development of countries and regions, the proportion of tertiary industry accounts for 60% of GDP, employment ratio of 65%. 2009 China's per capita gross national product in 3400 U.S. dollars or so, only the proportion of tertiary industry 42.6%, the employment ratio of only 34.1%, respectively, and the mean deviation of 20 and 30 percentage points. Its implications on the economics of income distribution is that a large number of active nest in the primary sector labor force, should have been transferred to the service sector, part of the second industry, tertiary industry should be transferred to the labor force, have not been transferred to the service industry, so this part of the idle labor occurred, did not fully create wealth, nor the corresponding distribution of wealth; wealth created largely by the secondary industry, secondary industry is capital-intensive industries, a large proportion of wealth owners have been capital distribution. A result, the macro cause owners of capital and labor between the owner of the problem of unbalanced distribution of income.
Need to see that, with wages and social security and other costs, increased the proportion of secondary industry increased organic composition of capital is a trend that the industry in general on 会 through technological progress and Automation, Yong substitution of capital for labor, from increasingly Shao's More and more labor to promote the capital. In such a trend, if not timely expansion of services in the field of production and employment, labor will be more surplus, the unemployment rate will rise more, between capital and labor income distribution will become much worse, the gap will further widen the income distribution large.
4, relatively fewer small businesses, the larger the income gap
Divided into the proportion of industrial structure and industrial structure, industrial organization, the former mainly refers to the distribution of industries and regions, such as the industry's production structure and employment structure, etc., which mainly refers to the concentration of industry, there are large, large, small and micro-scale structure and other enterprises. A country the size of enterprises in the industrial organization structure, and the number of enterprises per thousand people have with this country's capital and labor, the distribution of income among residents is closely related to the structure.
From the distribution of elements and the industry side, large and large enterprises, including a considerable number of medium-sized enterprises, most capital-intensive enterprises, mostly in industry being; and part of the medium, a considerable number of small and micro enterprises, mostly in the first Among the three industry, some industry big for small and micro enterprises and medium and large enterprises ancillary production and services. Therefore, the former capital-intensive, organic composition of capital changes in the laws of the inherent role; which is labor-intensive enterprise, or a higher degree of labor-intensive. In wealth creation and distribution, a larger percentage of the former capital allocation, which is a larger percentage of the labor distribution.
Because of the scale structure in the enterprise, small and micro enterprises to the total number of general number of enterprises, 95%, when a country has a number of companies per thousand more, indicating an active business, many companies, greater demand for labor, small and micro-enterprises and more investors, many small employers, unemployment is low, labor is fully used.
Therefore, when a country of small and micro enterprises, the greater the proportion of larger firm size structure, the number per thousand of the higher level, the greater the degree of labor-intensive, the more medium and small investors, from the wealth creation and distribution of view, the more middle-income persons, as workers are fully utilized, due to unemployment and poverty of the population the less, the income gap will be smaller; the other hand, when a country the more serious and large enterprises, small and micro enterprises entrepreneurs and investors, the less number of enterprises per thousand people in the low level of labor are not fully utilized, the less the population of middle-income, unemployed and poor people will be more income gap would be greater .
The number of start-ups and small businesses from home and abroad more, China's college students graduate within three years the rate of entrepreneurship, to now less than 2%; while in developed countries, this ratio was 20%. If China converted into a self-employed and 5, together with registration of legal entities, the most optimistic estimates, the number of Chinese-owned businesses per thousand level in 12 or so. The level of the developed countries about 45 per thousand, the developing countries in the 20-30 or so. Therefore, lack of entrepreneurship, small number of small and micro enterprises, the formation of a large income gap in China a very important underlying reason.
In summary, to solve the problem of income distribution gap, if you do not change the development mode, do not proceed from the restructuring, but from the minimal needs, wage growth, providing public services, financial transfer payment, distribution system, etc. aspects, may still be resolved structural problems can not lead to disparities in income distribution.
中文原版；
编者按：
如何调整收入分配和财富拥有的格局，关键是要搞清楚收入分配和财富拥有的差距是怎样形成的，探寻其多方面和深层次原因，才能对症下药。对于收入分配和财富积累差距的形成原因，学术界有许多不同的看法。中央党校研究室副主任周天勇教授为此撰写一组文章，从战略和政策制定的角度，对收入分配问题进行了综合和深入的讨论。本报从今天起将陆续刊登这组文章，敬请关注。
解析收入分配（一）
作者：周天勇
来源：中国经济时报
作者：周天勇
来源：中国经济时报
到目前为止，除了我对产业组织方面的企业规模结构与收入分配差距的关系进行过研究外，学术界对形成收入分配差距的城乡结构、产业比例结构及产业组织结构等失衡方面的原因的探讨，也很少见到。这不能不说是理论研究和政策分析的一个遗憾。
研究城乡结构、产业比例结构和产业组织结构失衡导致的收入分配差距之间的内在关系，有利于我们从大的战略入手，用调整结构的办法，来改善收入分配差距。分配不平衡问题，深层次的原因并不是我们的体制、政策不顺，而是结构失衡的结果。从战略高度来调整结构，以谋求收入分配的平衡，即是对症下药，有事半功倍之效。仅仅局限于二次收入分配的调整，不从调整结构入手，不先调整与之有关的初次分配，可能费力很大，结果却并不乐观，政策甚至南辕北辙，差距会越拉越大。
一、要素利用结构与收入分配差距
创造财富的要素有劳动、资本、土地、技术、管理、矿产等资源要素，就初次分配和价值形成看，创造新增财富的同时，也就是分配新增财富的过程。也就是各种要素的投入价格，如工资、社保、利息、地租、专利价格、管理者薪酬、矿山拥有者的收益等等，形成商品和服务的新增价值，另一方面，它们的投入价格，实际上又是对新增财富的一种分配，其形成不同所有者之间的初次分配格局。
但是，不同的要素为不同的所有者所有。普通劳动者，拥有劳动力；投资者拥有的是资本；土地所有者，拥有土地；技术发明者和管理者，拥有知识、专利和管理才能；矿山所有者拥有未被开发的矿产。这样，一个国家和地区，在其发展的要素利用方面，也即依靠什么样的要素组合创造财富方面，模式不同，初次分配的格局也就不同。
比如，主要依靠资本推动经济增长，也即资本密集型的发展方式，这样的经济模式中，创造财富主要的要素是资本，即厂房、机器设备、生产线、车辆等等。举一个特殊的例子，水电厂创造的财富是电力，而一个水电厂用的劳动力极少，发电和送电主要是由大坝、水轮发电机组、输电线路、泄洪渠等资本的具体形式完成，在电力生产新增值的分配比率中，大部分为投资者分得，而劳动者分得的比例很小。也即在国民收入的分配中，资本的分配比例较大，而劳动的分配比例较小。这主要不是因劳动者与资方的工资博弈机制失衡，如资方力量太强克扣工资导致的，而是在大的发展模式上，要素利用结构失衡导致的。
再比如，西亚海湾许多是产油国家，是资源密集型的发展模式，油气生产需要的劳动力很少，要素主要是资本与石油矿藏。创造出来的财富，主要是采油设备、港口和运油管线及其轮船，财富的初次分配获得者主要是油田、港口、管线和轮船的投资者和拥有者，在石油资源密集主导发展的行业，需要的劳动力也很少。劳动力拥有者从资源密集型财富的生产中，获得的分配，必定也是很低的。
这就为我们在考虑收入分配格局时，需要思考这样一个问题，即是追求资本和资源密集型的经济发展模式，还是追求资本、资源、劳动等要素平衡的模式，还是追求劳动密集型的发展模式？一个定理是，一个国家过度追求资本和资源密集型的发展模式，劳动力不能被充分利用，在财富的创造中，资本和资源占主导地位，而劳动力大量地被闲置并过剩，在分配格局上，必定是资本和资源所有者分配过多，而劳动者分配过少，形成资本资源所有者与劳动者之间的收入分配差距。
这里需要对中国的发展模式进行反思。中国许多地方，热衷于招商引资，热衷于基础设施的投入，以资本推动增长，在财富的创造中资本过度替代劳动，忽视了劳动力的充分利用，形成了程度不同的资本和资源推动型发展方式。毫无疑问，一个发展中国家或地区，在它的发展之初，是需要资本的推动，然而，像中国这样一个人口众多的国家，劳动力转移频繁和就业压力较大的国家，在长时间中，着重用资本和资源密集推动经济发展，而劳动力实际的失业率较高，由于劳动力过剩，工资又过低，结果必然是资本和资源所有者与劳动者之间的收入分配差距越拉越大。因此，转变发展的要素利用模式，平衡资本与劳动要素的利用结构，实际上是改善不同要素所有者之间收入初次分配的一个关键。
二、城市化速度越慢，城乡收入差距会越大
改革开放以来，城乡差距在持续拉大。１９８３年中国城乡居民收入比为１．８２∶１，２００９年拉大为３．３３∶１，幅度不仅远高于发达国家，也高于巴西、阿根廷等发展中国家。那么，究竟是什么原因造成了城乡差距的扩大？农业增加值在ＧＤＰ中的比率持续下降是一个客观的趋势，谁也阻挡不了，它要求农村中人口及农业中的劳动力相应地向城市和非农业转变，从而让减少了的农村人口与持续下降的农村和农业增加值相适应。从统计来看，农业增加值占ＧＤＰ比重从１９８２年的３３．４％下降到了２００９年的１０．６％，而农村人口的比例，从７８．８７％下降为４６．５９％，特别是第一产业就业比例，只从６８．１％下降到３８．１％。在农村和农业财富生产比例持续快速下降的同时，农业人口和农业劳动力向城市和非农业转移过慢，导致相对越来越少的农业增加值被相对越来越多的农村人口和劳动力所分配，与城市和非农业人口的分配相比，差距必然会拉大。
上世纪９０年代后期及２１世纪初的几年中，劳务经济，即出外务工的农民将在城市中所得的收入带回农村，使农村的收入有所增加。但是，随着转移农民工教育水平的提高，随着他们观念和生活方式的改变，随着城市生活费用的提高，与之前许多年出来务工的６０年代和７０年代农民工不同的是，８０后、９０后和未来的２１世纪后农民工，他们将自己收入的一部分，再带回家的可能性越来越小。这样，用农民工外出务工收入来平衡城乡差距的作用将越来越弱。
除上述主要方面的问题外，还有农民土地等没有资产收益，以及粮食等农业产品价格不顺等，也是造成城乡差距扩大的原因。一是农村资产不能带来收益。城市的住宅和企业用地可以抵押融资，可以出租，甚至倒卖住宅等资产，可以带来资产收益。而中国农民的耕地、林地和宅地资产不能变现，不能融资，除了生产农业产品外，基本不能作为资产给他们带来收入。并且，由于征地和补偿制度的不合理，农民因征地而致贫的也不乏其例。二是宏观调控的稳定物价，结果是扭曲的工农产品价格体系，相对低的农业产品价格向城市居民转移了一部分利益。而改革开放３０年以来，宏观调控上，一直将稳定物价作为重要的目标，但是，稳定物价的重要办法就是稳定粮价，控制粮价的上涨。这样，非农业产品，包括农业生产资料的价格上涨速度较快，而农业产品的价格相对较慢，于是，农村和农业的一部分收益被城市的低物价所分配。
三、第三产业比例越低，劳动者分配越少
三次产业结构变动的规律是：在国民生产总值上，第一产业的比例将持续下降，将从原有的８０％到９０％，下降到５％以下；第二产业增加值先是上升，后是稳定在３０％到４０％左右，再开始下降，最后下降到２０％左右；第三产业持续上升，从１５％左右最后上升到７５％左右，甚至更高。而从就业结构看，在第一产业中就业的劳动力将从８０％以上，最终下降到５％以下；在第二产业中就业的劳动力，最高达到３５％左右，再下降到１５％左右；而第三产业中就业的劳动力，从１５％左右，最终上升到８０％左右。
这样就产生两个收入分配方面的问题：（１）产业的生产结构与劳动力配置结构扭曲时，由于各产业的劳动生产率不同，形成各个产业的收入分配差距。产业中的劳动力对应的是产业所创造的增加值，从初次分配来看，各产业劳动力在本产业中创造财富的同时，也分配他们所创造的财富。因此，当产业增加值与对应就业劳动力的规模不匹配时，各产业的劳动生产率不同，导致其行业之间的收入分配差距。（２）各个产业要素利用程度不同，宏观上，大部分生产由资本密集型的工业提供，而劳动密集型的第三产业增加值和就业比例过低时，整个国家财富创造向工业和资本倾斜，在ＧＤＰ的资本与劳动分配比例中，资本分得的就多，劳动分得的就少。资本所有者与劳动力所有者之间的收入分配差距就会扩大。
从世界各国的一般规律来看，人均ＧＤＰ在３５００美元这个发展水平的国家和地区，其第三产业增加值占ＧＤＰ比例在６０％左右，就业比例在６５％左右。而中国２００９年人均国民生产总值在３４００美元左右，第三产业增加值比例只有４２．６％，就业比例只有３４．１％，分别与均值的偏差在２０个和３０个百分点。其在收入分配的经济学含义上就是，大量在第一产业中窝积的劳动力，本来应该被转移到服务业中，一部分第二产业中应当向第三产业转移的劳动力，没有被转移到服务业中，使这部分劳动力发生闲置，没有充分创造财富，也不能对应地分配财富；财富大部分由第二产业创造，第二产业是资本密集型产业，财富很大比重上被资本所有者所分配。结果，宏观上导致了资本所有者与劳动所有者之间收入分配不平衡的问题。
需要看到的是，随着工资和社保等成本的提高，第二产业资本有机构成比例提高是一个趋势，即工业总体上会通过技术进步和自动化，用资本替代劳动力，用越来越少的劳动力推动越来越多的资本。在这样一种趋势下，如果不能及时扩大服务业领域的生产和就业，劳动力将会更加过剩，失业率会更加上升，资本与劳动之间的收入分配将会更加恶化，收入分配差距会进一步拉大。
四、小企业相对越少，收入分配差距会越大
产业结构分为产业比例结构和产业组织结构，前者主要是指行业和地区分布，如产业的生产结构和就业结构等等，后者主要是指产业的集中度，还有特大、大、中、小和微型等企业规模结构。一个国家，产业组织中的企业规模结构，以及每千人口拥有企业的数量，与这个国家的资本与劳动、居民之间收入分配结构密切相关。
从要素和行业分布方面看，特大和大型企业，包括相当一部分中型企业，多数是资本密集型企业，大多分布在工业之中；而一部分中型企业，相当多的小型和微型企业，大多分布在第三产业之中，有一部分工业中的小型和微型企业为特大和大中企业进行配套生产和服务。因此，前者是资本密集型的，资本有机构成变动规律产生内在的作用；后者是劳动密集型企业，或者劳动密集程度较高。在财富的创造和分配方面，前者资本分配的比例较大，后者劳动分配的比例较大。
因为在企业规模结构中，小型和微型企业数量一般要占全部企业数量的９５％，当一个国家每一千人拥有的企业数量越多，说明创业活跃，企业很多，劳动力需求较大，小型和微型企业投资者多，中小老板多，失业率低，劳动力得到充分利用。
因此，当一个国家小型和微型企业越多，在企业规模结构中比重越大，每一千人中的数量水平越高，劳动密集程度就越高，中小投资者就越多，从财富的创造和分配看，中等收入者就越多，由于劳动力得到充分利用，因失业而贫困的人口就越少，收入差距就会越小；反之，当一个国家特大和大型企业越多，小型和微型企业创业和投资者越少，每一千人中企业数量水平低，劳动力得不到充分利用，中等收入的人口就越少，因失业而贫困的人口就会越多，收入分配差距就会越大。
从创业和小企业数量的国内外比较看，中国大学生毕业三年内创业的比率，到现在还不到２％；而在发达国家，这一比率为２０％。如果将中国的个体户５个折合成一个，加上注册登记的法人企业，最乐观估计，中国每千人拥有的企业数量水平在１２个左右。而发达国家这一水平为每千人４５个左右，发展中国家在２０个到３０个左右。因此，创业不足，小型和微型企业数量少，是形成中国收入分配差距较大的一个非常重要的深层次原因。
综上所述，解决收入分配差距问题，如果不转变发展方式，不从调整结构出发，只是从低保、工资增长、提供公共服务、财政转移支付、分配体制改革等等方面入手，可能还是解决不了结构问题导致的收入分配不平衡。
译者；谷歌翻译 作者；周天勇
没有评论:
发表评论